Abstract
Several classes of neutron star are sources of coherent emission at frequencies of 102–103 MHz, others are radio-quiet. The primary emission spectra are broadly universal in form over many orders of magnitude in rotation period and polar-cap magnetic flux density. The existence of nulls and mode changes in some radio-loud pulsars can be understood only as a manifestation of magnetospheric bistability. An ion–proton plasma with a possible background of electron–positron pairs is formed at the polar caps of stars with positive corotational charge density and is shown here to be a physical basis for the presence or absence of coherent emission and a likely reason why bistability may be present in the later stages of a pulsar lifetime.
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