Abstract
A multiaxial differential model is proposed for pure flow in orthotropic polycrystalline ice. The derivation of the constitutive equations is based on thermodynamics with internal-state variables. The model equations consist of the equations-of-state and evolution equations for the internal variables and a nonelastic deformation variable. The internal state of the material is described in terms of a scalar and a second-rank tensor, which represent isotropic and kinematic hardening in the material, respectively. The nonelastic deformation-rate tensor is additively decomposed into transient and steady-state components. The orthotropic texture of ice during incompressible flow is characterized by five material parameters which define appropriate measures of the thermodynamic forces and deformations. Conventionally-used mechanical tests under constant-stress creep and constant strain-rate loading are sufficient to determine these parameters.
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