Abstract
Lead Acid Batteries (LABs) are used for starting, lighting, and igniting, as well as in air conditioning systems and to supply power to electric engines in transport vehicles (TVs). However, the application of LABs for TVs has faced a number of market challenges, mounted by the upcoming high energy density and long lifespan batteries, such as lithium ion. LABs, on the other hand, are inexpensive. The key research question is, how can the lifespan of LABs used in automotive industries be increased, while still ensuring a low cost solution? Thus, integrating LABs with the supercapacitor (known as an electric double layer capacitor—EDLC) is likely to outperform the competing alternative batteries for TVs. This paper proposes a multiple stage approach to hybrid lead acid batteries and a supercapacitor system for TVs that is capable of maintaining the battery state-of-charge (SOC) at statistically high limits, ranging between 90% and 95%. This SOC target will likely ensure that the lifespan of the hybrid battery system can be elongated (extended) more than its competitors. In this study, the multiple stage approach of concatenated converters has been designed in order to satisfy all energy storage requirements for different characteristics of LABs and the supercapacitor. The designed hybrid system has been simulated using Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB/Simulink (version R2016a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA)). The simulated results show that high transient currents from the direct current (DC) bus of LABs, caused by the regenerative braking or deceleration of the TVs, reduce the battery lifespan and induce mechanical stress. The supercapacitor reduces the stress on the LAB by absorbing high transient currents. This, in turn, keeps the LABs’ SOC between 90% and 96% and the voltage at 12 V. As indicated by the simulated results, the hybrid battery SOC is maintained at 90–96% and the terminal voltage is approximately 12 V.
Highlights
Many applications have seen the widespread use of lead acid batteries (LABs) and supercapacitors in recent years
In order to ensure that the battery and supercapacitor hybrid system operates satisfactorily, a typical hybrid electric vehicle was used, which is equipped with a 2 kW motor
The required current for the typical hybrid electric vehicle is compared with current produced by the LAB and supercapacitor
Summary
Many applications have seen the widespread use of lead acid batteries (LABs) and supercapacitors in recent years. Supercapacitors, known as electric double layer capacitors (EDLC), are the workhorse in many applications in the automotive sector, due to their ability to last longer and absorb/provide high currents, and their high efficiency. Batteries alone are unable to provide the required energy for future vehicles (i.e., hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and plugged-in hybrid electric vehicles) [1,2,3,4]. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been heavily introduced to the market because of their low carbon emission and flexibility. These vehicles demand high energy storage devices for their operation
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