Abstract
Background & motivation: The elusive nature of national identities poses a challenge for researchers. We overcome this challenge by adopting a multi-method approach to bring together the qualitative (national identity narratives) and quantitative (measurable dimensions) elements of national identities in compelling ways. Methods: Using convenience samples of German and Turkish university students (two countries with different political climates), we apply structural equation modeling and structural topic modeling to examine the subjective viewpoints in national identity perceptions. We also check what individual differences would potentially explain this subjectivity. Results: We discover three subjective viewpoints of national identification in the German sample; in the Turkish sample, students framed Turkish nationhood in four distinct ways. Our results also reveal that attachment style (a psychological trait, which is deeply embedded in an individual) plays a role in these subjective identification processes. Relevance & Implications: The overall results reveal the intricate subjective processes in national identification processes. We highlight the importance of multi-method research and suggest further research agenda.
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