Abstract
In order to coordinate the economic desire of microgrid (MG) owners and the stability operation requirement of the distribution system operator (DSO), a multi-market participation framework is proposed to stimulate the energy transaction potential of MGs through distributed and centralized ways. Firstly, an MG equipped with storage can contribute to the stability improvement at special nodes of the distribution grid where the uncertain factors (such as intermittent renewable sources and electric vehicles) exist. The DSO is thus interested in encouraging specified MGs to provide voltage stability services by creating a distribution grid service market (DGSM), where the dynamic production-price auction is used to capture the competition of the distributed MGs. Moreover, an aggregator, serving as a broker and controller for MGs, is considered to participate in the day-ahead wholesale market. A Stackelberg game is modeled accordingly to solve the price and quantity package allocation between aggregator and MGs. Finally, the modified IEEE-33 bus distribution test system is used to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed multi-market mechanism. The results under this framework improve both MGs and utility.
Highlights
The smart microgrid (MG) is one of the most efficient platforms to integrate distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, fuel cell, diesel generator, and microcombined heat and power units [1]
Activation of the DERs by the electricity market mechanism is considered as one of the ways to compensate the intermittent behavior of renewable energy sources (RESs) and to decrease the reserve capacity provided by conventional power plants [3]
There are requirements to take part in the wholesale market, e.g., the minimum contract in the Nordic day-ahead market is 0.1 MWh/h—these requirements might not be met by many small-scale MGs that desire to participate in the wholesale market [8,9]
Summary
The smart microgrid (MG) is one of the most efficient platforms to integrate distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, fuel cell, diesel generator, and microcombined heat and power units [1]. With the aid of the advanced information communication technologies (ICT), the smart MGs enable bi-directional flow of power and information to facilitate optimal dispatch and energy transaction [2]. Activation of the DERs by the electricity market mechanism is considered as one of the ways to compensate the intermittent behavior of renewable energy sources (RESs) and to decrease the reserve capacity provided by conventional power plants [3]. It is possible to participate in wholesale market transactions through an active resource portfolio
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