Abstract
Hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is the most important viral disease of farmed and wild white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and can cause substantial mortality in susceptible hosts. Captive cervid farming is an emerging industry in Florida, an HD-enzootic region. Morbidity and mortality due to HD are major concerns among deer farmers, but the impact of HD on Florida’s cervid farming industry is unknown. Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) among WTD submitted to the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Cervidae Health Research Initiative (CHeRI) for post-mortem diagnostics. Our secondary objectives were to identify the predominant circulating EHDV serotypes during each sampling year and to determine the age class with the greatest proportion of EHDV- and BTV-positive post-mortem specimens. From 2016 to 2020, spleen samples from 539 farmed WTD with unexplained mortality were tested for the presence of EHDV and BTV by RT-qPCR. Overall, the prevalence of EHDV, BTV, or EHDV/BTV coinfection was 26%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, and 44% of deer (237/539) were diagnosed with HD by RT-qPCR. The predominant circulating EHDV serotype varied by year. Overall, EHDV-2 was the most commonly identified serotype (55% of PCR-positive cases), and EHDV-1 was the least frequently identified serotype (16% of PCR-positive cases). The greatest proportion of EHDV/BTV positives among mortality cases was observed in young WTD aged 3–6 months (50%–82% positive). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of EHDV/BTV by age when comparing specimens from WTD over 1 year old (p = 0.029, n = 527). Among these samples, the number of reported mortalities and the prevalence of EHDV/BTV were highest in yearling animals (56%). These data provide the first estimate of EHDV and BTV prevalence and virus serotypes among farmed WTD in Florida, identify the WTD age groups with the greatest proportions of EHDV- and BTV-positive specimens, and suggest that HD caused by these two viruses may be a major source of mortality challenging the captive cervid farming industry in Florida.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is the most important viral disease of farmed and wild white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) in North America
The percentages of EHDV/BTV-positive cases among WTD aged 0–2 months were low, but the number of mortalities was high, indicating a need for further research to identify the sources of mortality in this age group. These data represent the first description of EHDV and BTV prevalence and circulating
EHDV serotypes in clinical submissions from deceased farmed WTD throughout Florida and provide important baseline prevalence estimates
Summary
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is the most important viral disease of farmed and wild white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) in North America. EHDV and BTV infect a wide range of domestic and wild ruminant hosts, WTD are especially susceptible to severe disease, and periodic HD outbreaks can result in significant mortality [1]. The severity of HD in wild WTD can be predicted by enzootic, epizootic, and incursive. The prevalence of seropositive individuals is high, disease incidence is low, and those individuals that do display clinical disease typically present with the chronic form of HD, characterized by mild or undetectable disease and low mortality [3,4]. Periodic HD outbreaks result in higher mortality. HD transmission is rare, prevalence of seropositive WTD is low, and sporadic outbreaks may produce high mortality [2,4]. Common post-mortem findings in WTD with acute HD include hyperemia of the oral mucosa and conjunctiva, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and multifocal hemorrhages on the serosal surfaces with multi-organ involvement [1,5]
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