Abstract
Achieving the non-contact and non-destructive observation of broccoli head is the key step to realize the acquisition of high-throughput phenotyping information of broccoli. However, the rapid segmentation and grading of broccoli head remains difficult in many parts of the world due to low equipment development level. In this paper, we combined an advanced computer vision technique with a deep learning architecture to allow the acquisition of real-time and accurate information about broccoli head. By constructing a private image dataset with 100s of broccoli-head images (acquired using a self-developed imaging system) under controlled conditions, a deep convolutional neural network named “Improved ResNet” was trained to extract the broccoli pixels from the background. Then, a yield estimation model was built based on the number of extracted pixels and the corresponding pixel weight value. Additionally, the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) and the Otsu method were applied to grade the quality of each broccoli head according to our new standard. The trained model achieved an Accuracy of 0.896 on the test set for broccoli head segmentation, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach. When testing the model on a set of images with different light intensities or with some noise, the model still achieved satisfactory results. Overall, our approach of training a deep learning model using low-cost imaging devices represents a means to improve broccoli breeding and vegetable trade.
Highlights
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), which is belongs to the genus Brassica in the family Cruciferae, is considered as an important global vegetable crop
In order to remove highfrequency noise from the images, a Robert detection operator was applied to extract the edge of the broccoli image (Chaudhuri and Chanda, 1984), followed by a median filter with a size of 3∗3 pixels to remove the noise from the images (Zheng et al, 2017)
The experiment was conducted on images of growing broccoli which were captured by a camera mounted on a self-developed near-ground imaging system equipped with a series of auxiliary imaging devices
Summary
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), which is belongs to the genus Brassica in the family Cruciferae, is considered as an important global vegetable crop. For the first type, Ji et al (2007) presented a real-time segmentation algorithm for plant images under natural outdoor conditions by using a threshold-based method. Their experimental results demonstrated that segmentation was generally of good quality in the case of bare soil background. Previous methods for the segmentation of plant utilized handcrafted features such as shape, color, and texture to quantify the pixel character of plants Extracting such features often requires some theoretical knowledge of botany and a computationally expensive preprocessing step in order to enhance differences between plants and background, i.e., an image binarization step (Wang and Xu, 2018).
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