A molecularly distinct subset of glioblastoma requires serum-containing media to establish sustainable bona fide glioblastoma stem cell cultures.

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and deadly primary malignant brain tumor. Hallmarks are extensive intra-tumor and inter-tumor heterogeneity and highly invasive growth, which provide great challenges for treatment. Efficient therapy is lacking and the majority of patients survive less than 1 year from diagnosis. GBM progression and recurrence is caused by treatment-resistant glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). GSC cultures are considered important models in target identification and drug screening studies. The current state-of-the-art method, to isolate and maintain GSC cultures that faithfully mimic the primary tumor, is to use serum-free (SF) media conditions developed for neural stem cells (NSCs). Here we have investigated the outcome of explanting 218 consecutively collected GBM patient samples under both SF and standard, serum-containing media conditions. The frequency of maintainable SF cultures (SFCs) was most successful, but for a subgroup of GBM specimens, a viable culture could only be established in serum-containing media, called exclusive serum culture (ESC). ESCs expressed nestin and SOX2, and displayed all functional characteristics of a GSC, that is, extended proliferation, sustained self-renewal and orthotopic tumor initiation. Once adapted to the in vitro milieu they were also sustainable in SF media. Molecular analyses showed that ESCs formed a discrete group that was most related to the mesenchymal GBM subtype. This distinct subgroup of GBM that would have evaded modeling in SF conditions only provide unique cell models of GBM inter-tumor heterogeneity.