Abstract
Classically, Hemiptera is comprised of two suborders: Homoptera and Heteroptera. Homoptera includes Cicadomorpha, Fulgoromorpha and Sternorrhyncha. However, according to previous molecular phylogenetic studies based on 18S rDNA, Fulgoromorpha has a closer relationship to Heteroptera than to other hemipterans, leaving Homoptera as paraphyletic. Therefore, the position of Fulgoromorpha is important for studying phylogenetic structure of Hemiptera. We inferred the evolutionary affiliations of twenty-five superfamilies of Hemiptera using mitochondrial protein-coding genes and rRNAs. We sequenced three mitogenomes, from Pyrops candelaria, Lycorma delicatula and Ricania marginalis, representing two additional families in Fulgoromorpha. Pyrops and Lycorma are representatives of an additional major family Fulgoridae in Fulgoromorpha, whereas Ricania is a second representative of the highly derived clade Ricaniidae. The organization and size of these mitogenomes are similar to those of the sequenced fulgoroid species. Our consensus phylogeny of Hemiptera largely supported the relationships (((Fulgoromorpha,Sternorrhyncha),Cicadomorpha),Heteroptera), and thus supported the classic phylogeny of Hemiptera. Selection of optimal evolutionary models (exclusion and inclusion of two rRNA genes or of third codon positions of protein-coding genes) demonstrated that rapidly evolving and saturated sites should be removed from the analyses.
Highlights
Insect mitochondrial genomes are small, doublestranded, circular DNA molecules, ranging in size from approximately 14 to 19 kb
Mitochondrial Genome Structure The start codon for cox1 is highly variable across insects, and frequently uses noncanonical start codons that code for amino acids other than methionine [80,81,82]
GTG has been found as the start codon in some insect mitogenomes: for atp8 in Bactrocera dorsalis [66] and for nad5 in Triatoma [24] and Pteronarcys princes [84]
Summary
Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are small, doublestranded, circular DNA molecules, ranging in size from approximately 14 to 19 kb. Complete or nearly complete mitogenome sequences have been increasingly used for phylogenetic analyses above the family level in insects [3,4]. Mitogenome sequences have able to resolve intraordinal relationships within Coleoptera [5,6,7,8,9], Lepidoptera [10,11,12], Hymenoptera [13,14,15,16], Orthoptera [17,18], Diptera [19], Neuroptera [20], and Isoptera [21]. Hemiptera is one of the largest insect orders, comprising more than 50,000 described species. Some hemipteran species display bizarre morphology, some are brilliantly colored, and some produce cuticular waxes (e.g., the strangely protruding head of Fulgora laternaria and the white wax of Geisha distinctissima) [23]. Due to high reproductive potentials, capabilities of dispersal, and transmission of plant viral diseases, some delphacids have caused considerable damage to grain production and are identified as the causes of rice famines in several Asian countries [25]
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