A molecular phylogenetic approach to western North America endemic Artemisia and allies (Asteraceae): Untangling the sagebrushes

Abstract

Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae plants characterize the North American Intermountain West. These are landscape-dominant constituents of important ecological communities and habitats for endemic wildlife. Together with allied species and genera (Picrothamnus and Sphaeromeria), they make up an intricate series of taxa whose limits are uncertain, likely the result of reticulate evolution. The objectives of this study were to resolve relations among Tridentatae species and their near relatives by delimiting the phylogenetic positions of subgenus Tridentatae species with particular reference to its New World geographic placement and to provide explanations for the relations of allied species and genera with the subgenus with an assessment of their current taxonomic placement. Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analysis were based on 168 newly generated sequences (including the nuclear ITS and ETS and the plastid trnS(UGA)-trnfM(CAU) and trnS(GCU)-trnC(GCA)) and 338 previously published sequences (ITS and ETS). Genome size by flow cytometry of species from Sphaeromeria was also determined. The results support an expanded concept and reconfiguration of Tridentatae to accommodate additional endemic North American Artemisia species. The monotypic Picrothamnus and all Sphaeromeria species appear nested within subgenus Tridentatae clade. A redefinition of subgenus Tridentatae to include other western North American endemics is supported. We propose a new circumscription of the subgenus and divide it into three sections: Tridentatae, Filifoliae, and Nebulosae. The position of the circumboreal and other North American species suggests that subgenus Artemisia is the ancestral stock for the New World endemics, including those native to South America.