Abstract
The new clay modified with triazole and triazolium ligands was prepared in this research. These materials were applied as abundant and eco-friendly adsorbents for removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) ions. The adsorption efficiency of these materials was calculated by relevant equations such as Langmuir and Freundlich as well as kinetic studies with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. These adsorbents proved to be very active on heavy metal ion adsorption. The characterization of these new materials was carried out by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as SEM-map analysis. Eventually, the catalytic activity of the adsorbents which treated with heavy metal ion solutions was studied in the reduction of nitroarenes to its corresponding amines. The prepared adsorbent–catalyst materials indicated efficient catalytic activity in the reduction of nitroarenes to amines in ambient conditions.Graphic abstract
Highlights
Heavy metals toxicities are one of the most dangerous environmental contaminants which have a relatively high density compared to water (Häni 1990; Ngah and Hanafiah 2008; Fu and Wang 2011)
Synthesis of (1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanol (TzlOH) and 1-benzyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-1H-1,2,3triazolium (IL-Tzl-OH) was proceeded by the initial synthesis of benzyl azide, and its reaction was shown with propargyl alcohol in the presence of copper iodide as the catalyst at room temperature
The corresponding 1,2,3-triazole (Tzl-OH) product was treated with methyl iodide under reflux condition to obtain 1,2,3-triazolium (IL-Tzl-OH) product
Summary
Heavy metals toxicities are one of the most dangerous environmental contaminants which have a relatively high density compared to water (Häni 1990; Ngah and Hanafiah 2008; Fu and Wang 2011). The contamination of water and soil recourses by heavy metals is a serious worldwide problem, and it is challenging to eliminate their long-term effects (Agudosi et al 2018a, b) The removals of these contaminants metals are crucial because they are persistent, bioaccumulative, and able to disrupt the metabolic functions and vital organs in livelihoods. The adsorption process is considered as the best one because it is straightforward, economically very significant, practical and versatile, which has become the most preferred method for removal of toxic contaminants from wastewater Such materials are zeolites, biosorbents, activated carbon, fly ash, mesoporous and clays which have gained more attention than the other adsorbents due to the high surface area as well as being eco-friendly (Zhu et al 2012; Padilla-Ortega et al 2013)
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