Abstract
In three different-aged stands of intensively-managed coffee ( Coffee arabica L.), regularly sprayed with copper fungicides since their establishment, the accumulation and partitioning of copper in plant tissues, litter and soil is examined and a copper budget is formulated. In the two younger stands of coffee, aged 4 and 14 years, 46 and 59%, respectively, of incident copper remained within the stands, mainly in the surface soil. In an older stand, aged 24 years, all of the incident copper remained within the stand. This increased rate of accumulation of copper with age of the stand is explained in terms of the accumulation of organic matter with time and increased application rates of copper in recent years. The consequences of a long-term reliance on copper fungicides to maintain high yields are discussed. At present, the coffee crops show no signs of copper phytotoxicity, but the results indicate that concentrations and amounts of copper in certain tissues and soil will double in 2–13 years.
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