Abstract
A model of early development of motivational states is proposed. The states are modeled in terms of modern concepts of state space and are physically realized by long-term-potentiation (LTP)-based neural circuits. The basic idea is to assume existence of libido and aggression instincts that would receive single sensory stimulus and induce capabilities for fight-or-flight, freeze or run, etc. The libido state may lead to happiness, contentment, or activities such as dance or play, imitation of observed behavior and action of others, and engagement in learning by trial and error.Enhancement of two motor skills are presented: responding more quickly in time and delivering a larger force of contact. This is a simple example of how the perception system, the motor system and the motivation system interact. A one-degree-of-freedom second-order mechanical system is modified by a first-order neural facilitator or compensator.The tit-for-tat phenomenon in force escalation is also modeled. The model includes tactile sensors for the measurement of a known force applied to a human finger, afferent transmission of the sensed force to the brain, storage of the perceived force, recovery of the stored force from memory, and efferent transmission of the force to the finger. The situation may change based on perception of more adversaries discouraging retaliation and encouraging resort to withdrawal and / or retreat.
Highlights
Three elementary systems are involved in the execution of motivationally based action and behavior: the perception system, the motor coordination system and the motivational system by Kelly and Dodd (1991)
The faster human response is commonly referred to as fast reaction (Murphy & Murphy, 1962) or fast reflex (Laver & Pollard, 1965)
The second-order system model could arise from locomotory system or from receptor dynamics
Summary
Three elementary systems are involved in the execution of motivationally based action and behavior: the perception system, the motor coordination system and the motivational system by Kelly and Dodd (1991). Two simple physiological phenomena are involved in the modeling here: an olfactory receptor as a first-order system and a second-order system as an olfactory receptor model or a very simple mechanical system (Rumble & Hemami, 2007) that regulates fine control of finger pressure (Kuffler & John, 1976, Chapter 12) This system has one afferent and one efferent path. A simple graphical diagram of the trace of the sensory tactile signal to the efferent signal to motor neurons of a muscle is shown on Fig. 19.5 (Kelly & Dodd, 1991, page 280) Somewhere in this path, the pain (or hurting) motivational state, with the help of perhaps visual information, guides the motor cortex strategy of fightor-flight. Other inputs may arouse awareness and challenge the self in a motivational state of performance (Kupfermann, 1991), as in simple athletic physical activity.
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