Abstract
Sustainable mobility has recently become a priority of research for on-road vehicles. Shifting towards vehicle electrification is one of the most promising solutions concerning the reduction in pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases, especially for urban areas. Nevertheless, battery electric vehicles might carry substantial limitations compared with other technologies. Specifically, the electric range could be highly affected by the ageing process, non-optimal thermal management of the battery and cabin conditioning. In this paper, a model for the estimation of the residual range of electric vehicles is proposed accounting for the influence of battery state of health, battery pack temperature, power consumption of the main vehicle auxiliaries, and battery pre-heating on the residual driving range. The results of the model application to an L7 battery electric vehicle highlighted that the electric range can be highly affected by several factors related to real-world driving conditions and can consistently differ from nominal values.
Highlights
The environmental crisis being experienced by modern societies poses a tangible threat to the preservation of ecosystems and human health, requiring immediate action to reverse the phenomenon [1]
The results of the analyses are presented according to the set of simulations carried out for the L7e vehicle considered in the STEVE project [23] and based on a dataset made of thirty driving missions recorded during an experimental testing campaign held in Turin (IT)
Several factors were included in the analyses, such as battery ageing, battery pack temperature, HVAC consumption and pre-heating through battery thermal management system (BTMS)-related thermal management, to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of a larger set of parameters to be included when a realistic definition of the driving range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is achieved
Summary
The environmental crisis being experienced by modern societies poses a tangible threat to the preservation of ecosystems and human health, requiring immediate action to reverse the phenomenon [1]. Several European countries have recognized environmental issues as an urgent subject to be dealt with through long-term strategies aimed at the radical reduction in pollutants (e.g., NOx and PM) and green-house gases (GHG) emissions (i.e., CO2). As far as the road transportation sector is concerned, emissions are lower compared with those of year 2000 while still accounting for a considerable proportion of overall emissions [2]. With reference to GHG emissions, the transportation sector accounts for roughly 25% of overall European emissions, which have been increasing every year since 2014 and are forecasted to further increase due to oil-dependent transports [3]. In terms of climate mitigation and local emission reduction, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) appear to be a valid technology to reach a substantial reduction in both pollutant and GHG emissions [2,3]. Understanding the socio-economic, psychological and technical aspects influencing drivers to switch to electric alternatives is pivotal to meet the current mitigation strategies
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