Abstract
Measurements of the complex dielectric constant, or relative permittivity, spectrum of liquid water are modeled for frequencies up to 1 THz and temperatures up to 60 °C by a combination of two components: a Debye function, which characterizes the reorientation of the water molecules under the influence of an electric field, and a distributed-resonance function, which is associated with vibrations of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This model provides a good representation of cloud measurements below 200 GHz at temperatures as low as -25 °C.
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