Abstract
Plug-in electric vehicles can reduce GHG emissions although the low availability of public charging infra-structure combined with short driving ranges prevents potential users from adoption. The rollout and opera-tion, especially of public fast charging infrastructure, is very costly. Therefore, policy makers, car manufac-turers and charging infrastructure providers are interested in determining a number of charging stations that is sufficient. Since most studies focus on the placement and not on the determination of the number of charging stations, this paper proposes a model for the quantification of public fast charging points. We first analyze a large database of German driving profiles to obtain the viable share of plug-in electric vehicles in 2030 and determine the corresponding demand for fast charging events. Special focus lies on a general formalism of a queuing system for charging points. This approach allows us to quantify the capac-ity provided per charging point and the required quantity. Furthermore, we take a closer look on the sto-chastic occupancy rate of charging points for a certain service level and the distribution of the time users have to wait in the queue. When applying this model to Germany, we find about 15,000 fast charging points with 50 kW necessary in 2030 or ten fast charging point per 1,000 BEVs. When compared with existing charging data from Sweden, this is lower than the currently existing 36 fast charging points per 1,000 BEVs. Furthermore, we compare the models output of charging event distribution over the day with that of the real data and find a qualitatively similar load of the charging network, though with a small shift towards later in the day for the model.
Highlights
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) can reduce GHG emissions if powered with renewable energy
Plug-in electric vehicles can reduce GHG emissions the low availability of public charging infrastructure combined with short driving ranges prevents potential users from adoption
Since most studies focus on the placement and not on the determination of the number of charging stations, this paper proposes a model for the quantification of public fast charging points
Summary
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) can reduce GHG emissions if powered with renewable energy. A barrier to the market diffusion is the low range given by current batteries. Though it is possible to find user groups who fulfill their driving needs while remaining economical without public charging [1]), a broader introduction of battery electric vehicles would require an improvement of battery technology or a more extensive charging. EVS29 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium infrastructure. This is postulated by potential vehicle buyers [2]. With more PEVs on the roads, consideration of queuing and charger capacity is an important issue that needs to be addressed [6]
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