Abstract
The textile industry is an important contributor to the growth of the global economy. However, a huge quantity of wastewater is generated as a by-product during textile manufacturing, which hinders the ongoing development of textile industry in terms of environmental sustainability. Membrane distillation (MD), which is driven by thermal-induced vapor pressure difference, is being considered as an emerging economically viable technology to treat the textile wastewater for water reuse. So far, massive efforts have been put into new membrane material developments and modifications of the membrane surface. However, membrane wetting, direct feed solution transport through membrane pores leading to the failure of separation, remains as one of the main challenges for the success and potential commercialization of this separation process as textile wastewater contains membrane wetting inducing surfactants. Herein, this review presents current progress on the MD process for textile wastewater treatment with particular focuses on the fundamentals of membrane wetting, types of membranes applied as well as the fabrication or modification of membranes for anti-wetting properties. This article aims at providing insights in membrane design to enhance the MD separation performance towards commercial application of textile wastewater treatment.
Highlights
The textile industry is one of the largest contributors to the global economy
Due to the complex composition of effluents from textile industry, textile wastewater treatment has aroused a lot of attention in the recent years
Hydrophobic polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PTFE, and PP have been widely used as the membrane materials for the textile wastewater treatment
Summary
The textile industry is one of the largest contributors to the global economy. it faces a trade-off between economic output and environmental sustainability as a huge amount of effluent wastewater can be generated during the textile manufacturing [1]. It is difficult to regenerate spent adsorbents and the disposal of the adsorbents can result in environmental pollution [7] Compared with those conventional techniques, textile wastewater treatment using membranes has been attracting lots of attention owing to no additional chemicals, high separation efficiency, ease of maintenance, small footprint, and adjustable modular design [8]. Recent developments on improving anti-property of MD membranes are described in order to reveal the progress in the textile wastewater treatment Polymers such as PTFE [25], polypropylene (PP) [26], and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [27] are the most widely applied membrane materials for the MD processes due to their intrinsic or modified hydrophobicity, low cost, and ease of scale-up [22]. The water vapor permeation through a lamellar graphene membrane is reported to occur via the high-density nanochannels in the overlapped graphene multilayers and a high-water flux of ~50 L/m2 h for 4 cm of effective membrane area could be obtained [35] This membrane exhibited good antifouling properties by rejecting common oil and surfactants over 48 and 72 h, respectively
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