Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which are one of the most important sources of ROS. Oxidative stress plays important roles in the etiologies, pathological mechanisms, and treatment strategies of vascular diseases. Additionally, oxidative stress affects mechanisms of carcinogenesis, tumor growth, and prognosis in malignancies. Nearly all solid tumors show stimulation of neo-vascularity, termed angiogenesis, which is closely associated with malignant aggressiveness. Thus, cancers can be seen as a type of vascular disease. Oxidative stress-induced functions are regulated by complex endogenous mechanisms and exogenous factors, such as medication and diet. Although understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for improving the prognosis of urothelial cancer, it is not sufficient, because there are controversial and conflicting opinions. Therefore, we believe that this knowledge is essential to discuss observations and treatment strategies in urothelial cancer. In this review, we describe the relationships between members of the NOX family and tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and pathological mechanisms in urological cancers including prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial cancer. In addition, we introduce natural compounds and chemical agents that are associated with ROS-induced angiogenesis or apoptosis.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of pro-oxidants, such as free radicals and reactive metabolites, and their elimination by protective mechanisms, referred to as antioxidants (Figure 1) [1]
We introduce only the most recent reports published in 2017; Punica granatum peel in mouse prostate cancer cells (TRAMP-C1) [128]; a new nanoemulsion system of rutin in PC-3 [129]; benzyl isothiocyanate in cruciferous plants in CRW-22Rv1 and PC-3 [130]; curcumin and resveratrol in LNCaP and PC-3 cells [131]; Chikusetsu saponin Iva, isolated from Aralia taibaiensis in PC-3 [132]; chrysin, a natural flavone found in numerous plant extracts, honey, and propolis, in DU145 and PC-3 cells [133]; lasalocid, an antibiotic from the group of carboxylic ionophores produced by Streptomyces lasaliensis, in PC-3 [134]; naringenin, an anti-oxidant flavonoid derived from citrus, in PC-3 [135]; and coumestrol, a major phytoestrogen abundant in soybeans, legumes, Brussels sprouts, and spinach, in LNCaP and PC-3 cells [136]
There is no general agreement on the overexpression of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) family members in prostate cancer
Summary
Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of pro-oxidants, such as free radicals and reactive metabolites, and their elimination by protective mechanisms, referred to as antioxidants (Figure 1) [1]. Previous reports have shown that such ROS-related molecules play crucial roles in carcinogenesis and malignant aggressiveness, via the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis in several types of cancer [11,16,21,28]. Based on these facts, ROS are speculated to be closely associated with pathological mechanisms as well as with outcomes in cancer patients. Information on ROS-related molecules and pathways is important to understand the pathological mechanisms and to discuss the treatment strategies in several types of malignancies, including urological cancers. We show the relationships between ROS and apoptosis in pathological conditions, including malignancies, and natural products and chemical agents that influence ROS-related apoptosis in urological cancers are introduced
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
