Abstract
This letter presents a millimeter-wave (mmWave) tri-modal patch antenna with a size of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.46\,\lambda _{0}\times 0.46\,\lambda _{0}\times 0.11\,\lambda _{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , in which <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength in air at the center frequency. It is the first example of a tri-modal patch antenna in the mmWave frequency range. Compared to previous sub-6 GHz tri-modal patches, special approaches to handle the three port excitation at mmWave are required. The radiation performance with various feeding structures, fabrication approaches, and the challenges of designing tri-modal patch antennas in mmWave bands are detailed. The advantage of utilizing the tri-modal patch concept is that with proper excitation, a compact three-port antenna can be designed to exhibit broadside radiation and low mutual coupling within a single element. Experimental results demonstrate a three-port antenna operating at 26 GHz with an impedance bandwidth and realized gain of 5.4% and 5.0 dBi, respectively, which is suitable for use as a unit cell in mmWave massive multiple-input--multiple-output (MIMO) antenna applications.
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