A microbiological survey approach to understanding the virulence factors of Pseudomonas species in healthcare sinks

Abstract

Hospital water is involved in both the prevention and spread of healthcare associated infections (HCAI). Handwashing is key to reducing the transmission of pathogens, yet numerous outbreaks have been found to be caused by organisms within sinks, taps, and showers. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and increasingly non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas cause waterborne HCAI, however, little is known about the virulence potential of Pseudomonas species found within hospital environments. Swabs were taken from 62 sinks within two newly opened wards at Great Ormond Street Hospital, samples were taken before and after the wards opened to understand the impact of patient occupancy on sink microorganisms. Culturable bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF and virulence factors assessed through phenotypic methods. A total of 106 bacterial isolates were recovered including 24 Pseudomonas isolates. Of these 25% were identified as P. oleovorans, 21% P. aeruginosa, 17% P. composti, 13% P. alicalipha, 8% P. monteilli, 4% P. putida, 4% P. stutzeri, and 8% could only be identified to genus level by MALDI-TOF. Differences were seen in both the number of Pseudomonas isolates and virulence production between the two wards, overall 25% of the Pseudomonas isolates produced pigment, 58% were capable of haemolysis, 87.5% were able to swim, 83.3% were capable of twitching motility, 33.3% produced alkaline protease, and 8.3% produced gelatinase. Results suggest that patients may be back contaminating sinks with colonising organisms which has ongoing implications for infection prevention and control. Additionally, this work highlights the ability of non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas to produce virulence factors traditionally associated with P. aeruginosa.