Abstract
This paper proposes a method for the combined estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of batteries in hybrid and full electric vehicles. The technique is based on a set of five artificial neural networks that are used to tackle a regression and a classification task. In the method, the estimation of the SOC relies on the identification of the ageing of the battery and the estimation of the SOH depends on the behavior of the SOC in a recursive closed-loop. The networks are designed by means of training datasets collected during the experimental characterizations conducted in a laboratory environment. The lithium battery pack adopted during the study is designed to supply and store energy in a mild hybrid electric vehicle. The validation of the estimation method is performed by using real driving profiles acquired on-board of a vehicle. The obtained accuracy of the combined SOC and SOH estimator is around 97%, in line with the industrial requirements in the automotive sector. The promising results in terms of accuracy encourage to deepen the experimental validation with a deployment on a vehicle battery management system.
Highlights
The automotive industry is recently dedicating increasing attention to sustainability, with the objective of mitigating the negative effects of vehicular mobility on the environment
Solutions based on the adoption of full electric (battery electric vehicles (BEVs)) powertrains or on the combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric traction (hybrid/plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs/PHEVs)) are established as reliable alternatives to conventional powertrains [3,4]
This paper proposes a technique for the combined estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) with a set of five
Summary
The automotive industry is recently dedicating increasing attention to sustainability, with the objective of mitigating the negative effects of vehicular mobility on the environment. Solutions based on the adoption of full electric (battery electric vehicles (BEVs)) powertrains or on the combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric traction (hybrid/plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs/PHEVs)) are established as reliable alternatives to conventional powertrains [3,4]. They exploit batteries as the primary energy source in BEVs or as an auxiliary source in HEVs and PHEVs [5]. The most common battery technology exploits lithium because of its remarkable advantages in terms of the energy density, fast charging, low maintenance, and long lifetime allowances. A continuous and accurate monitoring of the battery state takes on significant importance to extend the battery lifetime, effectively plan the trip route and charging stops, optimize the energy flow management of HEVs [7,8], Energies 2020, 13, 2548; doi:10.3390/en13102548 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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