Abstract
Pilling is caused by friction pulling and fuzzing the fibers of a material. Pilling is normally evaluated by visually counting the pills on a flat fabric surface. Here, we propose an objective method of pilling assessment, based on the textural characteristics of the fabric shown in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The pilling layer is first identified above the fabric surface. The percentage of protruding fiber pixels and Haralick’s textural features are then used as pilling descriptors. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to select strongly correlated features and then reduce the feature space dimensionality. The first principal component is used to quantify the intensity of fabric pilling. The results of experimental studies confirm that this method can determine the intensity of pilling. Unlike traditional methods of pilling assessment, it can also detect pilling in its early stages. The approach could help to prevent overestimation of the degree of pilling, thereby avoiding unnecessary procedures, such as mechanical removal of entangled fibers. However, the research covered a narrow group of fabrics and wider conclusions about the usefulness and limitations of this method can be drawn after examining fabrics of different thickness and chemical composition of fibers.
Highlights
Pilling arises as a result of mechanical factors during the day-to-day use of fabrics, mainly friction that occurs when the fabric rubs against another surface
After the abrasion tests, the surface of the fabric was scanned in places subjected to abrasion using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and the three-dimensional OCT images were archived for further numerical analysis of the pilling symptoms
Once the infrared laser light has penetrated the region of the textile fabric, the intensity of the signal reflected in the location ( x, y, z) is stored in the form of a three-dimensional image array in the PC memory
Summary
Pilling arises as a result of mechanical factors during the day-to-day use of fabrics, mainly friction that occurs when the fabric rubs against another surface. In the case of fabrics with weak fibers, the rate of pill formation competes with the rate of wear-off This may result in variable pilling symptoms, and an increase of abrasion. Analysis of texture content in digital images plays an important role in the automated visual inspection of textile images Such approaches are used mainly to assess the properties and quality of fabrics, including flaw detection [28] and surface structure [29]. Haralick texture features were originally defined for 2D images, but in this study we use spatial images of the pilling layer over the fabric surface, formed by pills and single, protruding fibers
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