Abstract
An analytical method using two solid phase extractions and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the identification and quantification of 14 mycotoxins (patulin, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and ochratoxin A) in domestic and imported wines. Mycotoxins were purified with an Oasis HLB cartridge, followed by a MultiSepTM #229 Ochra. As a result, sufficient removal of the pigments and highly polar matrices from the red wines was achieved. UHPLC conditions were optimized, and 14 mycotoxins were separated in a total of 13 min. Determinations performed using this method produced high correlation coefficients for the 14 mycotoxins (R > 0.990) and recovery rates ranging from 76 to 105% with good repeatability (relative standard deviation RSD < 12%). Twenty-seven samples of domestic and imported wines were analyzed using this method. Although ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins (FMs) were detected in several samples, the FM levels were less than limits of quantification (LOQs) (1 μg/L), and even the largest of the OTA levels was below the EU regulatory level (2 μg/L). These results suggest that the health risk posed to consumers from the wines available in Japan is relatively low.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, and are found in several kinds of food, especially cereals and cereal products
The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine has been reported in several studies [3,4,5,6,7], and several countries have their own regulations to control OTA in wine products; for instance, its maximum level established by the European Union (EU) is 2 μg/L [8]
Extraction [24], was applied first to red wine samples, and spiked tests were performed to optimize the procedure for extraction and clean-up of 15 mycotoxins, including NIV
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, and are found in several kinds of food, especially cereals and cereal products. OTA has been reported to be nephrotoxic and carcinogenic to both humans and animals, and a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PMTWI) of 100 ng/kg of body weight (kg bw)/week has been established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) [2]. This is the lowest regulatory level for mycotoxins with the exception of aflatoxin, for which a tolerable intake is not established, because of their genotoxic effects. They contaminate corn and corn-based foods and feeds at high-concentration and high-frequency, being widespread around the world [7,12,13,14,15,16] The
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