Abstract
The metabolites from the coumarin class, present in tissues of plants belonging mainly to the Rutaceae and Apiaceae families, included compounds with high chemical diversity such as simple coumarins and furocoumarins. These health-promoting components are recognized for their valuable biological activities in herbal preparations but also for their phototoxic effects. In this work, a targeted liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) was developed for the screening of 39 reference standards of coumarins and furocoumarins in essential oils and plant extracts. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on reversed phase column using water/acetonitrile as the mobile phase and detection was performed on a hybrid QqQ/linear ion trap spectrometer fitted with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source operating in positive ion mode. This analytical approach was applied to investigate the coumarin compositions of fruit essential oils and methanolic extracts obtained from separated parts (fruit, leaf, stem, trunk, and root) of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Ten coumarins and six furanocoumarins were reported in this species and data analyses were used to assess the suitability of these compounds to the metabolomics-based differentiation of plant organs. The quantification criteria of the metabolites in extract samples included linearity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, and matrix effect were validated. As reported for other species of the Rutaceae family, the concentration of coumarins was drastically higher in Z. zanthoxyloides fruits than in other plant organs.
Highlights
Within plant metabolites, coumarins and furanocoumarins represent a wide group of structurally highly diverse compounds, present in tissues of plants belonging mainly to the Rutaceae [1,2,3,4], Apiaceae [4], and Fabaceae families [5]
To obtain results on the structural diversity of coumarin-type components in plant extracts, an liquid chromatography (LC)-MS2 -based method was developed to detect the possible presence of 39 commercially available coumarins (31 standard compounds) and furocoumarins (8 standard compounds), which are characteristic of species from the Rutaceae family [1,2,3,4,14]
Retention times of reference compounds were determined by LC-MS2 analysis in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)
Summary
Coumarins and furanocoumarins represent a wide group of structurally highly diverse compounds, present in tissues of plants belonging mainly to the Rutaceae [1,2,3,4], Apiaceae [4], and Fabaceae families [5]. In a more recent paper [22], the presence of coumarin-type compounds (6,7-dimethylesculetin, herniarin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, and imperatorin) has been reported in the essential oils of Z. zanthoxyloides fruits. An LC-MS2 -based method was developed to dereplicate the possible presence of 39 commercially available coumarins and furocoumarins in Z. zanthoxyloides extracts. Following these results, this work was designed to validate a highly sensitive and selective method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of these components in the fruit essential oils and solvent extracts (fruits, leaves, and barks) of Senegalese Z. zanthoxyloides specie. The application of this analytical approach led to the quality control of this commercial drug, traditionally used throughout Central and West Africa in abdominal and dental problems, sickle-cell disease, and skin disorders such as psoriasis and vitiligo [44,45]
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