Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is widely used as an antioxidant, e.g., as a Ultraviolet (UV) protectant in cosmetics and in various medical applications. It has been produced by the hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol found in rice bran oil soapstock. In this study, the base-catalyzed, homogenous hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol was conducted using various ratios of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to γ-oryzanol, initial concentrations of γ-oryzanol in the reaction mixture, and ratios of ethanol (EtOH) (as cosolvent)/ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (γ-oryzanol solution). Acceleration of the reaction using a planar type of ultrasound sonicator (78 and 130 kHz) at different reaction temperatures was explored. By using a heating method, the 80% yield of FA was attained at 75 °C in 4 h under homogeneous conditions (initial concentration of γ-oryzanol 12 mg/mL, the KOH/γ-oryzanol ratio (wt/wt) 10/1, and EtOH/EtOAc ratio (v/v) 5/1). With the assistance of 78 and 130 kHz irradiation, the yields reached 90%. The heating method was applied for the γ-oryzanol-containing extract prepared from rice bran oil soapstock. From soapstock, the 74.3% yield of FA was obtained, but 20% of the trans-FA in the reaction mixture was transformed into cis-form within one month.
Highlights
Ferulic acid (FA) is an antioxidant widely used in the cosmetic industry applied in terms of Ultraviolet (UV) protection and to protect against various inflammatory diseases [1]
The peaks appeared at retention times of 9.1, 9.3 min were min were assigned to the trans‐ and cis‐FA by comparison with their standards
Significant effects on the FA yield were by were observed by the difference of those two frequencies. These results indicated that the hydrolysis the difference of those two frequencies. These results indicated that the hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol can of accelerated by but with agitation of ultrasonic beγ‐oryzanol acceleratedcan not be only by the temperature, butthe alsotemperature, with agitation ofalso ultrasonic irradiation, irradiation, it has been reported that the effect of ultrasound irradiations becomes less it has been reported that the effect of ultrasound irradiations becomes less intense with increasing intense with increasing
Summary
Ferulic acid (FA) is an antioxidant widely used in the cosmetic industry applied in terms of Ultraviolet (UV) protection and to protect against various inflammatory diseases [1]. It reduces the cholesterol levels in serum and liver, protects against coronary disease, and acts as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents [2]. Y.; Thanh, L.T.; Imamura, K.; Izutani, K.; Okitsu, K.; Boi, L.V.; Ngoc Lan, P.; Tuan, N.C.; Yoo, Y.E.; Takenaka, N. B.; Okitsu, K.; Takenaka, N.; Bandow, H.; Tajima, N.; Maeda, Y. Effect of reaction vessel diameter on sonochemical efficiency and cavitation dynamics.
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