Abstract
The magnitude and consistency of the sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates (IR) have not been systematically examined in different age groups, countries and time periods. We obtained national data on meningococcal disease IR by sex, age group and time period, from 10 countries. We used meta-analytic methods to combine the male to female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by country and year for each age group. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the contribution of age, country and time period to the variation in the IRRs. The pooled male to female IRRs (with 95% CI) for ages 0-1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-44, were 1.25 (1.19-1.32), 1.24 (1.20-1.29), 1.13 (1.07-1.20), 1.21 (1.13-1.29) and 1.15 (1.10-1.21), respectively. In the age groups 45-64 and over 65, the IR were lower in males with IRRs of 0.83 (0.78-0.88) and 0.64 (0.60-0.69), respectively. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression confirmed that the results were robust. The excess meningococcal IR in young males and the higher rates in females at older ages were consistent in all countries, except the Czech Republic. While behavioural factors could explain some of the sex differences in the older age groups, the excess rates in very young males suggest that genetic and hormonal differences could be important.
Highlights
Invasive meningococcal disease, caused by Gram-negative bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, is a contagious disease that can result in severe morbidity, high case fatality and serious sequelae [1, 2]
In order to ensure the reliability of the results we identified official sources that provide detailed information on meningococcal disease at the national level over a number of years
The highest incidence rates (IR) in both sexes in all age groups were observed in New Zealand
Summary
Invasive meningococcal disease, caused by Gram-negative bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, is a contagious disease that can result in severe morbidity, high case fatality and serious sequelae [1, 2]. The disease is endemic in most countries and is periodically responsible for large epidemics [2]. Serogroups A, B, C, W and Y are responsible for most cases of invasive disease. In the ‘meningitis belt’ in Africa, immunisation against group A meningococcus was introduced in 2010 [3] and some countries in Europe routinely immunise infants against group C meningococcus using the conjugate vaccine [4]. Serogroup B is the commonest strain across Europe (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/842368/hpr3819_IMD-ann.pdf) and only recently has an effective vaccine become available [5]. The mechanism of the infection has not fully been established
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