A mathematical modeling approach toward magnetic fluid hyperthermia of cancer and unfolding heating mechanism

Abstract

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)-induced hyperthermia is capable of heating the tumor without side effects. In this technique, the tumor temperature is elevated to 41–43 °C from a normal temperature of 37 °C of the body. The Pennes' bio-heat transfer equation is widely used to transfer heat in living organs with blood perfusion rate. The elevated temperature destroys cancer cells and keeps normal cells harmless. This state-of-the-art review describes the basic physical mechanisms behind this treatment modality and recent advances in the mathematical modeling approach toward this therapy. Firstly, we throw light on different MNPs applicable in hyperthermia, heat generation mechanism, basic parameters affecting the efficiency of heating, thermophysical properties of MNPs, in vivo studies, and clinical studies. Secondly, we have discussed in detail the mathematical modeling of hyperthermia including analytical solutions, computational modeling, and prominent optimization techniques applied in thermotherapy. We shortly discuss hyperthermia integrated with chemotherapy, laser therapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. In the end, we narrate some major challenges and opportunities for hyperthermia and discussed future directions.