Abstract
4D printing is a newly emerging technique that shows the capability of additively manufacturing structures whose shape, property, or functionality can controllably vary with time under external stimuli. However, most of the existing 4D printed products only focus on the variation of physical geometries, regardless of controllable changes of their properties, as well as practical functionality. Here, a material combination concept is proposed to construct 4D printed devices whose property and functionality can controllably vary. The 4D printed devices consist of conductive and magnetic parts, enabling the integrated devices to show a piezoelectric property even neither part is piezoelectric individually. Consequently, the functionality of the devices is endowed to transfer mechanical to electrical energy based on the electromagnetic introduction principle. The working mechanism of 4D printed devices is explained by a numerical simulation method using Comsol software, facilitating further optimization of their properties by regulating diverse parameters. Due to the self‐powered, quick‐responding, and sensitive properties, the 4D printed magnetoelectric device could work as pressure sensors to warn illegal invasion. This work opens a new manufacturing method of flexible magnetoelectric devices and provides a new material combination concept for the property‐changed and functionality‐changed 4D printing.
Highlights
Introduction to explore various strategies for4D printing by demonstrating shape memory effect (SME) of 3D printed struc-Additive manufacturing (AM) including 3D printing and 4D ture
Different from existing methods by using shape-shift smart materials to realize 4D printing, we propose a material combination concept, by integrating additive manufactured magnetic and conductive building blocks (Figure 1), to construct 4D printed devices based on our previous studies.[35]
A new type of 4D printing has been implemented by assembling the selective laser sintering (SLS)-printed magnetic porous structure and selective laser melting (SLM)-printed helix structure
Summary
B) Schematic diagram showing integrated 4D printed devices that can generate electrical outputs This is because the magnetic flux in the helix structure changes during the compression/recovery process. The SLS-printed magnetic porous structures with various NdFeB contents (20, 30, and 40 wt%), magnetic field directions (vertical and horizontal), and heights (25, 20, and 15 mm) showed different magnetic induction intensity (Figure S3, Supporting Information). Diverse measuring parameters, such as the compression rate and strain, have been studied in detail. It should be noted that the whole sensors are selfpowered, indicating the energy-save feature of such 4D printed magnetoelectric sensors
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