Abstract

Abstract Accurate estimation of the wind stress under extreme conditions is crucial for modeling storm surges and storm waves, which is important to the development of a warning system for coastal disaster prevention. The problem, however, is highly challenging owing to the presence of complex ocean surface processes under the action of unusually strong wind. In this study, the existing atmospheric wave boundary layer model is significantly enhanced by including various effects of wave breaking. Both the effect of wave breaking on the dissipation of energy and its effect on the transfer of momentum within the atmospheric boundary layer are carefully formulated. The wind stress coefficients obtained with the enhanced model are shown to be in good agreement with the measurements in not only deep but also shallow waters. The enhanced atmospheric wave boundary layer model is coupled with ocean wave as well as circulation models to simulate typhoon-induced storm surges and storm waves in the Pearl River delta region. The computational results show that the coupled model with improved evaluation of the wind stress is substantially advantageous when compared with existing approaches.

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