A magnetic ionic liquid based vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with back-extraction for the enrichment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Abstract

In the present work, a magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) ([Co(DMBG)2][Co(hfaca)3]) was designed and synthesized with both the cation and anion respectively containing a paramagnetic component. With the prepared MIL as the extraction solvent, a vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DLLME) method was developed and combined with back-extraction for the enrichment of five fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs). The MIL can be easily collected and separated from the aqueous phase under an external magnetic field due to the strong magnetic susceptibility and red color. Some experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated, and the optimum extraction efficiency was obtained in a basic solution (pH=9) for the extraction process and with 2% (v/v) formic acid as the back-extraction solvent. Under the optimized extraction and back-extraction conditions, the proposed method was validated and exhibited good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) above 0.9956 in the range of 2.5–800 ng·mL−1 and 5.0–800 ng·mL−1, low limits of detection (LODs) within 0.75–1.5 ng·mL−1 and satisfactory intra-day and inter-day precisions with relative standard deviations (RSDs) respectively less than 10.6% and 8.6%. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of five FQs in four samples of tap water, milk, honey and chicken, and good precision with RSDs of 0.5–9.5% and acceptable recoveries (73.8–114.3%) were obtained.