Abstract
In this paper we applied for the first time the no-signaling in time (NSIT) formalism discussed by Kofler and Brukner (2013) to investigate temporal entanglement between binary human behavioral unconscious choices at t1 with binary random outcomes at t2. NSIT consists of a set of inequalities and represents mathematical conditions for macro-realism which require only two measurements in time. The analyses of three independent experiments show a strong violation of NSIT in two out of three of them, suggesting the hypothesis of a quantum-like temporal entanglement between human choices at t1 with binary random outcomes at t2. We discuss the potentialities of using NSIT to test temporal entanglement with behavioral measures.
Highlights
The possibility to use mathematical and statistical formalisms adopted in quantum mechanics for the study of biological (e.g., Engel et al, 2007; Blankenship and Engel, 2010) and cognitive phenomena (e.g., Wang et al, 2014) is a theoretical proposal but a rich field of empirical research.The application of quantum formalisms to domains other than quantum physics –such as biological or mental processes- is independent to the hypothesis that processing of information by biological systems is based on quantum physical processes within these systems
The main argument against the existence of quantum coherence or entanglement in biological systems like the brain refers to decoherence as a strong boundary condition of quantum phenomena
The σ values which represent the violation of No-Signaling in Time (NSIT) inequality in term of the number of SE from the expected probability at t2, 0.5 in our case, show a clear and strong NSIT violation both in the first two experiments and in the analysis of the total trials weighted for the number of trials
Summary
The possibility to use mathematical and statistical formalisms adopted in quantum mechanics for the study of biological (e.g., Engel et al, 2007; Blankenship and Engel, 2010) and cognitive phenomena (e.g., Wang et al, 2014) is a theoretical proposal but a rich field of empirical research (see Khrennikov, 2010; Busemeyer and Wang, 2014, for a review).The application of quantum formalisms to domains other than quantum physics –such as biological or mental processes- is independent to the hypothesis that processing of information by biological systems is based on quantum physical processes within these systems. Documenting the usefulness of such mathematical algorithms in modeling decision processes, memory, or consciousness, opens the possibility that the biological substrate constitutes the basis for the emergence of these quantum phenomena This proposition is controversially discussed and only few researchers share this idea (see, e.g., Hameroff and Penrose, 2014). Decoherence of quantum states seems to occur with such a high frequency that these effects would be impossible to operate on macroscopically relevant spatial distances or time scales (Tegmark, 2000).
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
