Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions are important to form C–C covalent bonds using metal catalysts. Although many different cross-coupling reactions have been developed and applied to synthesize complex molecules or polymers (macromolecules), if cross-coupling reactions are realized in the macroscopic real world, the scope of materials should be dramatically broadened. Here, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions are realized between macroscopic objects. When acrylamide gel modified with an iodophenyl group (I-gel) reacts with a gel possessing a phenylboronic group (PB-gel) using a palladium catalyst, the gels bond to form a single object. This concept can also be adapted for bonding between soft and hard materials. I-gel or PB-gel selectively bonds to the glass substrates whose surfaces are modified with an electrophile or nucleophile, respectively.
Highlights
Cross-coupling reactions are important to form C–C covalent bonds using metal catalysts
When acrylamide gel modified with an iodophenyl group (I-gel) reacts with a gel possessing a phenylboronic group (PB-gel) using a palladium catalyst, the gels bond to form a single object
We expect that if suitable organic electrophiles and nucleophiles are modified on two independent materials, direct bonding between materials via a cross-coupling reaction would be observed without glue in the presence of a catalyst
Summary
Cross-coupling reactions are important to form C–C covalent bonds using metal catalysts. When acrylamide gel modified with an iodophenyl group (I-gel) reacts with a gel possessing a phenylboronic group (PB-gel) using a palladium catalyst, the gels bond to form a single object This concept can be adapted for bonding between soft and hard materials. Pieces of host and guest gels, which are chemically crosslinked acrylamide-based gels with either cyclodextrins (CDs) or small hydrocarbon group guest moieties, adhere to one another via mutual molecular recognition of CDs and the hydrocarbon groups on the surfaces[22,23] These studies have achieved the adhesion between independent soft materials through non-covalent interactions. We expect that if suitable organic electrophiles and nucleophiles are modified on two independent materials, direct bonding between materials via a cross-coupling reaction would be observed without glue in the presence of a catalyst. Bondings between two hydrogel materials www.nature.com/scientificreports and between a hydrogel (organic compound) and a hard material (inorganic compound) are investigated on the macroscopic scale using a cross-coupling reaction at their interface
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