A lower energetic, protein and uncooked cornstarch intake is associated with a more severe outcome in glycogen storage disease type III: an observational study of 50 patients.

Abstract

Background Glycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII), due to a deficiency of glycogen debrancher enzyme (GDE), is particularly frequent in Tunisia. Phenotypic particularities of Tunisian patients remain unknown. Our aim was to study complications of GSDIII in a Tunisian population and to explore factors interfering with its course. Methods A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted over 30 years (1986-2016) in the referral metabolic center in Tunisia. Results Fifty GSDIII patients (26 boys), followed for an average 6.75 years, were enrolled. At the last evaluation, the median age was 9.87 years and 24% of patients reached adulthood. Short stature persisted in eight patients and obesity in 19 patients. Lower frequency of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) was associated with older patients (p<0.0001), higher protein diet (p=0.068) and lower caloric intake (p=0.025). Hepatic complications were rare. Cardiac involvement (CI) was frequent (91%) and occurred early at a median age of 2.6 years. Severe cardiomyopathy (50%) was related to lower doses of uncooked cornstarch (p=0.02). Neuromuscular involvement (NMI) was constant, leading to a functional discomfort in 64% of cases and was disabling in 34% of cases. Severe forms were related to lower caloric (p=0.005) and protein intake (p<0.015). Conclusions A low caloric, protein and uncooked cornstarch intake is associated with a more severe outcome in GSDIII Tunisian patients. Neuromuscular and CIs were particularly precocious and severe, even in childhood. Genetic and epigenetic factors deserve to be explored.