Abstract
Abstract In this work, a low-cost biomedical titanium alloy Ti–5Mo–Fe–3Sn (atomic percent) was successfully developed. The microstructure, tensile properties and deformation behaviour were investigated at ambient temperature. It was found that the combined addition of Sn and Fe suppressed the formation of athermal omega phase and introduced solid solution strengthening. An excellent combination of low elastic modulus (52 GPa) and high yield strength (740 MPa) was achieved, leading to a high elastic admissible strain (1.42%). Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that with an increase in tensile strain, the {332} twin system was initiated first, and then secondary {332} twinning and ternary {112} twinning were also observed. The evolution of multi-twin system during deformation was responsible for the enhanced strain hardening rate and plasticity (elongation ∼30%).
Highlights
Thanks to a combination of good mechanical and biocompatible properties, Ti and its alloys are generally accepted as the best choice for implant bio-materials
0.4 selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern taken along [113] zone axis (Fig. 1b) at low magnification reveals that there are no apparent u reflections at the 1/3 and 2/3 location between (000) and {112} reflection of b planes, suggesting that u phase is fully suppressed while quenching from high temperature
In order to present more comprehensive evidence, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image was obtained along [À311] zone axis, fast Fourier transformation (FFT) pattern as well as inverse FFT (IFFT) image in Fig. 1ced, confirms that Ti513 has the ideal bcc structure at the atomic scale and there is no sign of the u phase
Summary
Thanks to a combination of good mechanical and biocompatible properties, Ti and its alloys are generally accepted as the best choice for implant bio-materials. Tie6Ale4V ELI (Ti64 ELI) and Tie12Moe6Zre2Fe (TMZF) are the two most popular Ti alloys for orthopaedic applications Their high Young’s modulus (~110 GPa and 80 GPa respectively), poor ductility (i.e., associated with limited working hardening) and potential toxic risk derived metallic ion releasing (such as Al and V in Ti64) limit their further applications [2]. The extent of twinning and/or SIM increases, which decreases the mean free path of dislocation movement, resulting in a dynamic strengthening effect This dynamic strain hardening behaviour is well known as the dynamic “Hall-Petch” effect [10]. It was found that initial deformation by primary twinning combined with the formation of martensitic at a higher strain can effectively tune the strength of b Ti alloy via adjusting the beta phase stability [12], leading to an excellent combination of yield strength and ductility. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Backscattered electron (BSE) and TEM were performed to investigate the deformation mechanism
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