A Low-Complexity, Low-Cycle-Slip-Probability, Format-Independent Carrier Estimator with Adaptive Filter Length

Abstract

We present a low-complexity carrier estimator with an effective filter length that automatically adapts according to the signal-to-noise ratio, laser-linewidth-symbol-duration product, nonlinear phase noise, and modulation format. Laser-linewidth and frequency-offset tolerances are studied. The filter length of a carrier estimator is shown to affect the cycle slip probability besides the bit-error rate (BER) performance. Considering that forward-error-correction codes are not robust to burst errors and phase slips, we demonstrate that filter-length optimization is necessary to avoid spectral-efficiency reduction in pilot assisted systems and potential system failures in differential encoding systems. Our estimator achieves a lower cycle slip probability and a greater nonlinear phase noise tolerance than DiffFE-MPE, DiffFE-BPS, and complex-weighted decision-aided maximum-likelihood (CW-DA-ML) estimator. DiffFE-MPE and DiffFE-BPS refer to the differential frequency estimator (DiffFE) followed by block Mth power phase estimator (MPE) and blind phase search (BPS), respectively. For a 4100 km quaternary phase-shift keying transmission at a BER of 2.5 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 2</sup> , our estimator achieves a cycle slip probability of 2.9 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 7</sup> compared to 5.6 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 6</sup> , 5.3 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 6</sup> , and 3.2 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 7</sup> for DiffFE-MPE, DiffFE-BPS, and CW-DA-ML, respectively.