A lipid carrier with a membrane active component and a small complex size are required for efficient cellular delivery of anti-sense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides

Abstract

Anti-sense oligonucleotides are potential therapeutic agents that are used to block protein expression from mRNA. To assess the essential properties for an efficient cellular delivery system of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODNs), different cationic carriers were compared. The carriers were complexed with oligonucleotides at various +/− charge ratios in MES–Hepes buffer. Cationic polymers, polylysines (PLL, mean MWs 4000, 20 000, 200 000 kDa), polyethyleneimines (PEI, mean MWs 25 and 800 kDa) and fractured sixth-generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) were tested for ODN delivery into a D 407 cell line (human retinal pigment epithelial cells) with stably transfected luciferase gene. Anti-sense ODN was directed against the luciferase gene, and the anti-sense effect was determined using a luminometric method. Lipid-based vehicles included DOTAP, DOTAP/DOPE (1/1 by mol), DOTAP/Chol (1/1 by mol), DOTAP/DOPE/Chol (2/1/1 by mol), DOGS and Cytofectin GS/DOPE (2/1 by mol). Additionally a membrane-active peptide JTS-1 (NH 2 –GLFEALLELLESLWELLLEA-COOH) was added to the complexes containing DOTAP, PEI or PLL. In D 407 and CV-1 cells, the anti-sense effect was seen only with lipid-based carriers with a membrane-active component (DOPE or JTS-1). The polymeric systems were ineffective. The effect of the complexation medium was further studied on CV-1 cells. Complexes were prepared in either water, MES–Hepes buffer or cell growth medium (DMEM). Complexes prepared in water were generally most effective and the greater activity is probably due to the smaller complex size. Complex sizes differed greatly in buffer and DMEM, especially in the case of DOPE containing complexes. In conclusion, lipid carrier with a membrane active component and small complex size are required for an efficient cellular delivery of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.