A Life Cycle-Cost Analysis of Li-ion and Lead-Acid BESSs and Their Actively Hybridized ESSs With Supercapacitors for Islanded Microgrid Applications

Maryam Torkashvand,Mehrdad Bagheri Sanjareh,Abolfazl Khodadadi,Muhammad H Nazary

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3017458

Abstract

The combination of supercapacitors (SCs) with Li-ion Batteries (LIBs) and Lead-Acid Batteries (LABs) as hybrid ESSs (HESSs) have widely been proposed for Microgrid (MG) applications. The SCs of HESSs eliminate the stress of surge currents on LIBs and LABs, which increases their life cycles, and decreases their life cycle costs and hence decreases the HESSs operational costs. However, the active topology of HESS, which is the most commonly used configuration, requires an extra SC and an extra DC/DC converter in comparison to the Battery Energy Storage (BESS) topology, which increases the HESS capital cost. This paper tries to investigate that the hybridization of LABs and LIBs with SCs is economically effective or not for applications in islanded MG. In this regard, an energy management and frequency control (EMFC) scheme is proposed for the operation of MG in islanded mode. Using the simulations of the proposed EMFC scheme for islanded MG, the size of main components of LIB ESS (LIBESS), LAB ESS (LABESS), LIB-SC HESS (LISHESS) and LAB-SC HESS (LASHESS) are calculated. The numerical results show that for a 10-year period operation in islanded MG, the LISHESS and LASHESS impose less cost than LIBESS and LABESS. Also, the LISHESS is cheaper (almost 11%) than LASHESS.

Highlights

Integration of micro-sources and energy storage systems can construct a power grid so called microgrid (MG) to meet the demands, which can be operated in both grid-connected and standalone modes
This paper proposes a novel approach for maintaining the MG frequency within permitted operational limits
In this paper, the cost effectiveness of their hybridization was investigated for islanded MG applications

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Integration of micro-sources and energy storage systems can construct a power grid so called microgrid (MG) to meet the demands, which can be operated in both grid-connected and standalone (islanded) modes. It has been stated that fast power regulations and high-power applications like frequency regulation shorten the life of LIBs and LABs [15], [16] In this regard, the combination of supercapacitors (SCs) with batteries as hybrid ESSs (HESSs) have been proposed to reduce the stress of surge currents [17]. In order to minimize total cost of BESS, the authors of [26], [27] have determined the minimal size of battery including its rated power and rated capacity for islanded operation of MG for a limited period using short-term frequency regulation studies. An energy management and frequency control (EMFC) scheme is proposed for MG operation in islanded mode, which ensures the demand-supply balance and maintenance of frequency deviation within allowable limits using ESS elements with minimal size.

PROPOSED EMFC SCHEME

CONFIGURATION OF BESS AND HESS FOR EMFC SCHEME FOR PFC

Findings

CONCLUSION