Abstract
We report a self-sufficient microfluidic paper-based lateral flow immunoassay device (μLFD) for highly sensitive detection of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Fabrication of the paper microchannels involves engraving the nitrocellulose membrane with a CO2 laser to create narrow flow paths, which constrain the fluid flow over the test zone. The proposed microchannel modified devices were studied for detection of the TSH using gold nanoparticles as labels. The effect of such microchannel modified LFDs has led to an improvement in sensitivity by nine times and the limit of detection by 6.6 times due to the slow flow rate of the sample compared with the traditional LFD. In addition, the binding of gold nanoparticles over the test line is more uniform in the case of the μLFD, thus minimizing leading-edge effects, resulting in more accurate quantitative analysis. The proposed strategy offers great potential for multiplex detection of biomarkers with increased sensitivity without introducing any hydrophobic materials to the LFD.
Highlights
Lateral flow immunoassay devices (LFDs) are suitable for rapid detection of analytes from a finger prick blood sample in low resource settings, are inexpensive and self-powered, and require a small volume of the blood sample
N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES), Tris-buffered saline (TBS), sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic monohydrate, and sucrose were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
A number of antibodies for the thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) were sourced from different suppliers for suitability in LFDs
Summary
Lateral flow immunoassay devices (LFDs) are suitable for rapid detection of analytes from a finger prick blood sample in low resource settings, are inexpensive and self-powered, and require a small volume of the blood sample. One of the main reasons for the lack of sensitivity is that the most commonly observable labels such as AuNPs are not sensitive Labels such as carbon nanomaterials,[1,2,3,4,5] latex beads,[1] fluorescent europium nanoparticles,[6] chemiluminescent labels,[7] horseradish peroxidaseconjugated AuNPs,[8] graphene oxide coated with AuNPs,[9] silver nanoparticles,[10] and platinum nanoparticles[11–13] have all been used to improve the performance of LFDs. There are several self-sufficient paper-based devices that have been reported, which improve the performance of the lateral flow assay in terms of reducing non-specific binding, improving quality of test lines, and limit of detection.[14–16]. Wang et al have developed a self-powered microfluidic device that incorporates filter paper for separation of plasma from whole blood and an absorbent pad to induce capillary flow in the scitation.org/journal/adv channels for rapid multiplexed detection of biomarkers from whole blood.[18]
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