A latent profile analysis of child maltreatment among at-risk youth gang members: Associations with violent delinquency, non-violent delinquency, and gang organizational structures

Abstract

BackgroundThe relationship between child maltreatment and later delinquency is an enduring concern worldwide. However, the maltreatment-delinquency relationship is relatively underexplored in youth gang populations. Consequently, to date, studies have not examined typologies of maltreatment and their associations with violent delinquency, non-violent delinquency, and gang organizational structures. ObjectiveFirst, to identify the characteristics of subgroups of youth gang members who varied in abuse type and severity within type. Second, to determine in what ways the profiles differed in terms of gang organizational structures, violent delinquency, and non-violent delinquency. Participants and settingsA sample of 161 youth gang members (mean age: 16.8; range: 12–24) were recruited and surveyed by outreach social workers in Hong Kong. MethodsLatent profile analysis was first used to examine heterogeneity in victimization experiences (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect). Thereafter, non-parametric tests and post-hoc analyses were conducted to examine associations between the yielded typologies of maltreatment and gang organizational structures, violent delinquency, and non-violent delinquency. ResultsPoly-victimization was prevalent in the sample, with 148 respondents (91.9 %) reporting at least two types of past abuses. Three profiles of maltreatment emerged, varying in abuse types and severity within types: ‘Minimally maltreated’, ‘Moderately maltreated, except sexual abuse’, and ‘Severely maltreated’. In comparison to the ‘Minimal’ maltreatment profile, the ‘Moderate’ and ‘Severe’ profiles were associated with greater delinquent behaviors and being in gangs that encouraged congregate illegal behaviors. ConclusionsThere was a relationship between typologies of maltreatment and gang organizational structures, violent delinquency, and non-violent delinquency in the sample of youth gang members. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.