A Larger Sample Confirms Small Planets around Hot Stars Are Misaligned ∗ ∗ The data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M.

Abstract

The distribution of stellar obliquities provides critical insight into the formation and evolution pathways of exoplanets. In the past decade, it was found that hot stars hosting hot Jupiters are more likely to have high obliquities than cool stars, but it is not clear whether this trend exists only for hot Jupiters or holds for other types of planets. In this work, we extend the study of the obliquities of hot (6250–7000 K) stars with transiting super-Earth-sized and sub-Neptune-sized planets. We constrain the obliquity distribution based on measurements of the stars’ projected rotation velocities. Our sample consists of 170 TESS and Kepler planet-hosting stars and 180 control stars chosen to have indistinguishable spectroscopic characteristics. In our analysis, we find evidence suggesting that the planet hosts have a systematically higher 〈sini〉 compared to the control sample. This result implies that the planet hosts tend to have lower obliquities. However, the observed difference in 〈sini〉 is not significant enough to confirm spin–orbit alignment as it is 3.8σ away from perfect alignment. We also find evidence that within the planet-hosting stars there is a trend of higher obliquity (lower 〈sini〉 ) for the hotter stars (T eff > 6250 K) than for the cooler stars in the sample. This suggests that hot stars hosting smaller planets exhibit a broader obliquity distribution ( 〈sini〉=0.79±0.053 ) than cooler planet-hosting stars, indicating that high obliquities are not exclusive to hot Jupiters and instead are more broadly tied to hot stars.