Abstract
Lamiaceae, the sixth largest angiosperm family, contains more than 7000 species distributed all over the world. However, although considerable progress has been made in the last two decades, its phylogenetic backbone has never been well resolved. In the present study, a large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction of Lamiaceae using chloroplast sequences was carried out with the most comprehensive sampling of the family to date (288 species in 191 genera, representing approximately 78% of the genera of Lamiaceae). Twelve strongly supported primary clades were inferred, which form the phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae. Six of the primary clades correspond to the current recognized subfamilies Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, and Symphorematoideae, and one corresponds to a portion of Viticoideae. The other five clades comprise: 1) Acrymia and Cymaria; 2) Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, and Garrettia; 3) Premna, Gmelina, and Cornutia; 4) Callicarpa; and 5) Tectona. Based on these results, three new subfamilies—Cymarioideae, Peronematoideae, and Premnoideae—are described, and the compositions of other subfamilies are updated based on new findings from the last decade. Furthermore, our analyses revealed five strongly supported, more inclusive clades that contain subfamilies, and we give them phylogenetically defined, unranked names: Cymalamiina, Scutelamiina, Perolamiina, Viticisymphorina, and Calliprostantherina.
Highlights
Lamiaceae and proposed a subfamilial classification of the family, which is the first global, genus-level treatment of the entire family in more than a century
Lamiaceae can be recognized by a combination of traits, including opposite leaves, bilaterally symmetric flowers with four stamens, and ovaries consisting of two fused carpels, each divided into one-seeded chambers
The monophyly of two subfamilies, Symphorematoideae and Viticoideae, still has not been satisfactorily examined. The former is well characterized by morphological characters, some of which are probably synapomorphies, but its monophyly has not been tested with DNA data because no molecular study has included more than one representative[9,10,21,23,24,25,47]
Summary
Lamiaceae and proposed a subfamilial classification of the family, which is the first global, genus-level treatment of the entire family in more than a century (since Briquet[2]). In Lamiaceae, Harley et al.[16] recognized 236 genera (comprising more than 7000 species), 226 of which were assigned to seven subfamilies: Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, Symphorematoideae and Viticoideae. The other eight genera have still not been placed in subfamilies, but several molecular studies have shed light on their relationships: Acrymia and Cymaria form a moderately supported clade[23,25,26]; Hymenopyramis, Peronema and Petraeovitex[25,47] or Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex and Garrettia[25] group together; Callicarpa is sister to the rest of the family[21,23] or groups with subfamily Prostantheroideae[15]; Tectona emerges in various positions[21,23,47]. We are using five plastid DNA regions to infer a large-scale phylogeny of the whole family with four objectives, to: (1) increase resolution of the phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae, (2) determine the phylogenetic positions of the genera incertae sedis, (3) assess relationships among subfamilies, and (4) test the monophyly of Symphorematoideae
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