A large-dimensional test for cross-sectional anomalies:Efficient sorting revisited

Abstract

Many researchers seek factors that predict the cross-section of stock returns. In finance, the key is to replicate anomalies by long–short portfolios based on their firm characteristics, with microcap biases alleviated via New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) breakpoints and value-weighted returns. In econometrics, the key is to include a covariance matrix estimator of stock returns for (mimicking) the portfolio construction. This paper marries these two strands of literature in order to test the zoo of cross-sectional anomalies by injecting size controls, basically NYSE breakpoints and value-weighted returns, into efficient sorting. We propose to use a covariance matrix estimator for ultra-high dimensions (up to 5,000) taking into account large, small and microcap stocks. We demonstrate that using a nonlinear shrinkage estimator of the covariance matrix substantially enhances the power of tests for cross-sectional anomalies: On average, t-statistics more than double. Furthermore, the proposed revisited efficient sorting method computes even highly significant factor portfolios net of transaction costs.