A large deformation model for quasi-static to high strain rate response of a rate-stiffening soft polymer

Abstract

Polyborosiloxane (PBS) is an important rate-stiffening soft polymer with dynamic, reversible crosslinks used in applications ranging from self-healing sensing and actuation to body and structural protection. Its highly rate-dependent response, especially for impact-mitigating structures, is important. However, the large strain response of PBS has not been characterized over quasi-static to high strain rates. Currently, there are no constitutive models that can predict the strongly rate-dependent large-deformation elastic-viscoplastic response of PBS. To address this gap, we have developed a microstructural physics motivated constitutive model for PBS, similar soft polymers and polymer gels with dynamic crosslinks to predict their large strain, non-linear loading–unloading, and significantly rate-dependent response. We have conducted compression experiments on PBS up to true strains of ∼125% and over a wide strain rate range of 10−3 s−1 to 103 s−1. The proposed semi-physical model fairly accurately captures the response of PBS over six decades of strain rates. We propose boron–oxygen coordinate-bond dynamic crosslinks with macroscopic relaxation timescale τ≈3 s and temporary entanglement lockups at high strain rates acting as crosslinks with τ≈0.0005 s as the two types of crosslink network mechanisms in PBS. We have outlined a numerical update procedure to evaluate the convolution-like time integrals arising from dynamic crosslink kinetics. Experiments involving three-dimensional inhomogeneous deformations were used to verify the predictive capabilities of our model and its finite element implementation. The modeling framework can be adopted for other dynamically crosslinked rate-stiffening soft polymers and polymer gels that are microstructurally similar to PBS.