Abstract
From long time ago up to now, and in the trend of the human’s thought development, question about identity and the essence of self has been always an attractive matter for thinking. Searching for a lost soul mate, that can be supposed as a reflection of ourselves has been a great challenge for human beings, as well. The present research focuses on a type of psychoanalytic criticism which is based on ideas developed by Jacques Lacan in regard to Orhan Pamuk’s The Black Book. Lacan as a psychologist with a post-structuralist viewpoint believes that the unconscious is structured like a language. He states that language, the signifying chain with a perpetual sliding of the signified under the signifier, never provides "ultimate meaning" or a "transcendental signified". Accordingly, this study represents a Lacanian reading of Orhan Pamuk᾽s The Black Book with emphasis on the main roles of the "other", and language in forming of the unconscious and individual identity. Galip, the protagonist of the novel, apparently is in search of his lost wife "Rüya". But in fact, following this lack, he starts his search for knowing himself through a chain of signifiers. However, this search does not lead him to reach to a complete ultimate meaning of his "self". His bewildered subject cannot anchor at a fix point of integrated and wholeness of the "self".
Highlights
The effective management of secondary schools in Nigeria is one of the means through which educational goals can be attained
The subjects are observed in their natural and unchanged natural environment. This design was considered most appropriate for this study because the study intends to investigate principal leadership variables such as leadership style, communication patterns, decision-making skills, and supervisory approaches and describe these phenomena of interest as they influence the dependent variable
The dependent variable was measured continuously at the interval scale of measurement. This made the researchers consider the one-way analysis of variance as the most appropriate statistical technique in comparing the means of undergraduates’ attitudes towards learning in schools where principals adopted these three leadership styles
Summary
The effective management of secondary schools in Nigeria is one of the means through which educational goals can be attained. Little or nothing seems to be known at the moment regarding the reasons why there is an indifference in the attitudes of students after completing a practicum course In response to this gap, we designed this study to assess principals' leadership variables as the presumed cause of undergraduates' declining attitudes towards practicum exercise in secondary schools. Results: We find amongst others, that principals’ leadership styles, communication patterns, decision-making and supervisory approaches significantly predict undergraduates' attitudes towards practicum exercise relatively. Each of these independent variables accounts differently for the variance in the dependent variable based on their unique coefficient of determination.
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