A Label-Free Marker Based Breast Cancer Detection using Hybrid Deep Learning Models and Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

Breast Cancer (BC) is a serious menace to women’s health around the world. Early BC identification has been critically important for diagnosing protocol. Several classification methods for breast cancer were examined recently with various techniques, and Raman spectroscopy (RS) has become an effective approach for the identification of responsible metabolites. Moreover, the rapid and accurate classification of BC using RS necessitates active engagement in processing and analyzing Raman spectral data. This work aims to develop an efficient Hybrid Deep Learning (HDL) neural network model to differentiate breast cancer blood plasma from control samples and the spectral features obtained are used as spectral cancer markers for the detection of breast cancer. To find the optimum performing HDL model, several other HDL models were implemented to perform the binary classification of the Raman spectral signal. A total of 62199 Raman spectra generated from 26 blood plasma samples are evaluated in this study. Mainly 6 HDL methods, 1D-CNN-GRU, CNN-BiLSTM-AT, 1D-CNN-LSTM, GRU-LSTM, RNN-LSTM, and OGRU-LSTM are modeled to evaluate the performance of hybrid models to identify 2 classes of Raman spectral data. Comparative classification results show that the stacked 1D-CNN-GRU model outperforms well for breast cancer detection using the Raman spectral dataset than other prominent HDL architectures. The stacked 1D-CNN-GRUclassifier model achieved the highest classification accuracy (98.90 %), Cohen-kappa score (0.941), F1-score (0.969), and the lowermost number of test loss as 0.102776 and MSE (0.0230) indicating that the model outperforms other HDL classifiers. HIGHLIGHTS The potential of Raman spectroscopy in combination with hybrid deep learning (HDL) models to diagnose and classify cancerous or noncancerous samples, specifically blood plasma samples, based on chemical composition The implementation of data augmentation techniques to address underfitting and overfitting issues occur in the classification of spectral samples due to a lack of sufficient Raman spectral data The development of an efficient Hybrid Deep Learning (HDL) neural network model to differentiate breast cancer blood plasma from control samples and the use of spectral features as spectral cancer markers for breast cancer detection The evaluation of several HDL models for binary classification of Raman spectral signals, with the stacked 1D-CNN-GRU model achieving the highest classification accuracy and the lowest test losses The potential for this technique is to accurately classify breast cancerous samples and reduce the number of unnecessary excisional breast biopsies GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT