Abstract
The low power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and reproducibility reported to date for roll-to-roll (R2R)-fabricated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) results from difficulty in controlling perovskite film quality. Here, we present a systematic comparison of the hot-deposition method, which induces crystal-growth-driven (CGD) film formation, and the anti-solvent method, which induces nucleation-driven (ND) film formation, for one-step perovskite film formation. Perovskite films produced by the two methods show markedly different micro-structural and optoelectronic properties; however, PCEs of CGD-type PSCs are only marginally lower than those of ND-type PSCs. Importantly, the average performance of PSCs incorporating a CGD-type perovskite layer is independent of humidity during fabrication and displays improved stability and reproducibility, prompting further investigation of upscaling potential. R2R-produced PSCs on plastic substrate with four slot-die-coated functional layers show superior reproducibility and micro-structural, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic properties comparable with those of glass-based PSCs, indicating excellent promise for translation to a manufacturing process. Lab-to-fab study of perovskite film formation methods toward industrial production Crystal-growth-driven (CGD) versus nucleation-driven (ND) processes are compared CGD film quality is substrate independent and significantly more stable than ND films Roll-to-roll CGD perovskite solar cells show excellent efficiency and reproducibility What is the best perovskite film formation route for industrial manufacturing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs)? Angmo et al. classify perovskite film formation as crystal-growth driven or nucleation driven and study their upscaling compatibility, considering process scalability, film quality, device efficiency, and stability. They demonstrate roll-to-roll PSCs with excellent performance and reproducibility.
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