Abstract
High penetration of power electronic interfaced generation, like wind power, has an essential impact on the inertia of the interconnected power system. It can pose a significant threat to the frequency stability. This paper introduces the notion of the key performance indicator (KPI) and illustrates its application on large scale power systems, including Fast Frequency Response (FFR) and a high share of wind power, to measure the possible distance to the frequency stability limit. The proposed KPI estimates the change of frequency performance (e,g., ROCOF, NADIR) in the frequency containment period. The effect of FFR is analyzed by introducing a droop based controller for wind power plants. The FFR controller responds to a drop in grid frequency with a temporary increase of the wind active power. The proposed KPI maps a change in key system variables (e.g., system kinetic energy, aggregated generation output) onto the change of frequency performance. A comprehensive analysis using DIgSILENT, Matlab, and Python is performed for GB reduced size system. According to the obtained results, the FFR capability of wind generator leads to improvements of NADIR especially in cases with high penetration levels of wind power. The proposed KPI is a valuable tool for the frequency stability assessment in power system planning studies. It can be determined based on off-line simulations, and it can assist the system operators for frequency stability assessment in intra-day operational planning.
Highlights
As indicated in the European Commission energy roadmap, the increase of renewable-based generation identified as one of the main components of the EU’s energy de-carbonization policy [1], [2]
As power electronics (PE) interfaced generation (PEIG) and power electronic interfaced load (PEIL) behave differently than conventional generation and load, it is of importance to study the possible impact of increasing amounts of PE
The research work presented in this paper is one of the outcomes of the first work package of the (Massive InteGRATion of power Electronics) MIGRATE project [10], which addresses power system stability issues of transmission grids under high penetration of PE
Summary
As indicated in the European Commission energy roadmap, the increase of renewable-based generation identified as one of the main components of the EU’s energy de-carbonization policy [1], [2]. A systematic approach for defining a distance to instability is needed to accurately characterize the relational pattern between a stability indicator (e.g., rate-of-change-offrequency, ROCOF or NADIR) and key system variables (e.g. kinetic energy) This paper tackles this gap by performing an extended analysis with different levels of share (penetration) of PEIG. It is worth to recall that the analysis done in this study focuses on the assessment of the frequency performance in the containment period, time window of the inertial response of synchronous generators In such conditions, the ROCOF is calculated as follows: a) Compute the frequency Centre Of Inertia (COI) for the system/area according to equation (7) [28]. It constitutes a droop based fast active power injection controller, which is implemented inside of the FFR block (highlighted with light grey in Figure 3) of the WG model. The external files that are inserted in P set-point WP, X set-point WP and Cosphi set-point WP give reference values for the PCC [33]
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