A KETOGENIC DIET REDUCES TISSUE SODIUM CONTENT: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Abstract

Objective: Hypertension and diabetes are a substantial global public health problem. The prevalence of these diseases will further increase in the near future, leading to increased health and socioeconomic costs. Hence efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. It has been previously shown that nutritional approaches including a very-low carbohydrate, or a ketogenic diet potentially decrease body weight, blood pressure and glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes along with an overall significant reduction in their pill burden. However, the detailed physiological mechanisms underlying the observed induction and maintenance of diabetes remission remain largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that the skin could be a buffer system for sodium and that skin sodium content could be both a pathogenic cause and a marker of hypertension and salt sensitivity. Since a nutritionally created metabolic milieu such as nutritional ketosis can lower blood pressure, we hypothesize that this dietary approach also reduces tissue sodium content. Design and method: By using 7-T 23Na MRI technique, we performed an exploratory study and analyzed skin and muscle sodium concentration before, and after a 6-week ketogenic diet in three healthy probands. Nutritional ketosis was verified by frequent check of blood ketone (beta-hydroxybutyrate; BOHB) levels greater than 0.3 mmol/L. Results: Preliminary data of our planned exploratory study (in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy probands) demonstrated that compared to baseline 6 weeks of ketogenic diet decreased tissue sodium content in the skin (16.6 ± 2.1 vs. 12.6 ± 2.1 mmol/L), in the medial gastrocnemius muscle (20.5 ± 0.9 vs. 16.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L), in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (19.7 ± 1.0 vs. 16.0 ± 1.0 mmol/L) and in the soleus muscle (13.1 ± 0.8 vs. 11.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L). Conclusions: Our results indicate a massive reduction of tissue sodium concentration in healthy volunteers in response to a ketogenic diet which might be associated with the observed clinical benefits and be implicated in the anti-hypertensive effects of this powerful dietary intervention. Findings of this study could have an impact on future treatment strategies of various chronic diseases.