Abstract
After presenting a brief history of the discovery of this system of cultivation of plant tissues and cells, of the evolution in time of knowledge in this field, of the pathways of in vitro morphogenesis in plants, the paper focuses on in vitro callogenesis in plants. There are presented the types of callus that can be generated via in vitro culture (illustrated with aspects from the author's experience), the influence of factors related to the biological nature of the explants, the composition of the nutrient medium, the cultivation conditions, etc., upon some characteristics of the callus obtained. A special chapter is dedicated to the importance of in vitro cultures of callus in plants.
Highlights
In vitro cultures of plants represent a system of cultivation of their specific organs, tissues and cells on artificial media containing all the necessary ingredients for plant growth and development, under aseptic conditions
The experiments undertaken did not exceed a certain level of success, the observations made and his intuition led Haberlandt to formulate concepts that would be confirmed later: the concept of plant cell cultures and that of cellular totipotency; in other words, he envisaged the possibility of cultivation of artificial tissue fragments on artificial media and, respectively, that plant cells have the ability to grow into whole plants, just like a zygote (Toma et al, 2005; Thorpe, 2007; Vaishnava, 2017)
In 1934-1935, Gautheret made the first in vitro callus cultures on the aseptic medium, using small cambium and phloem explants of some tree species: Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix capraea, Ulmus campestre, Robinia pseudoacacia - inoculated on agarized Knop medium supplemented with glucose and cysteine hydrochloride.Callus cultures ceased growing after about 6 months of cultivation due to a deficiency in the nutrient medium, which was proven by Snow (1935) to be IAA auxin (Gautheret, 1985)
Summary
In vitro cultures of plants represent a system of cultivation of their specific organs, tissues and cells on artificial media containing all the necessary ingredients for plant growth and development, under aseptic conditions. Gautheret (1985) talks about a "prehistory of tissue cultures", which would have taken place more than 250 years ago, through the work of Duhamel de Monceau La Physique des Arbres, in which he discovered the formation of the callus in the trees, wound healing, sap circulation, etc. (David, 2017). The experiments undertaken did not exceed a certain level of success, the observations made and his intuition led Haberlandt to formulate concepts that would be confirmed later: the concept of plant cell cultures and that of cellular totipotency; in other words, he envisaged the possibility of cultivation of artificial tissue fragments on artificial media and, respectively, that plant cells have the ability to grow into whole plants, just like a zygote (Toma et al, 2005; Thorpe, 2007; Vaishnava, 2017) In this area, similar to discovering new directions of research, the experiments in the field of in vitro cultures in plants have expanded, but it took more than three decades for progress to be registered. We will briefly resume some aspects of the field, based on our personal experience and insist on calusogenesis (callogenesis) in in vitro cultures in plants
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