Abstract
Abstract Hymenoptera exhibit an incredible diversity of phenotypes, the result of ~240 million years of evolution and the primary subject of more than 250 years of research. Here we describe the history, development, and utility of the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) and its associated applications. These resourc -es are designed to facilitate accessible and extensible research on hymenopteran phenotypes. Outreach with the hymenopterist community is of utmost importance to the HAO project, and this paper is a direct response to questions that arose from project workshops. In a concerted attempt to surmount barriers of understanding, especially regarding the format, utility, and development of the HAO, we discuss the roles of homology, “preferred terms”, and “structural equivalency”. We also outline the use of Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) and posit that they are a key element necessary for increasing the objectivity and repeatability of science that references hymenopteran anatomy. Pragmatically, we detail a mechanism (the “URI table”) by which authors can use URIs to link their published text to the HAO, and we describe an associated tool (the “Analyzer”) to derive these tables. These tools, and others, are available through the HAO Portal website (http://portal.hymao.org). We conclude by discussing the future of the HAO with respect to digital publication, cross-taxon ontology alignment, the advent of semantic phenotypes, and community-based curation.
Highlights
Hymenopterists share a common interest, in part, because their research almost invariably requires the study of or reference to hymenopteran anatomy
Snodgrass (1941) used the term “phallobase” in combination with the concept http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0000713 (“The anatomical cluster that is composed of the cupulae, gonostipites and volsellae.”)
Http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ HAO_0000713 is the Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) for the concept “The anatomical cluster that is composed of the cupulae, gonostipites and volsellae.”
Summary
Hymenopterists share a common interest, in part, because their research almost invariably requires the study of or reference to hymenopteran anatomy. Snodgrass (1941) used the term “phallobase” in combination with the concept http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HAO_0000713 (“The anatomical cluster that is composed of the cupulae, gonostipites and volsellae.”). Http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ HAO_0000713 is the URI for the concept “The anatomical cluster that is composed of the cupulae, gonostipites and volsellae.”. A request from a Web browser—a person clicking on a link in a journal article or website—would return content that a human can interpret (e.g., a webpage), whereas requests from computational sources would receive responses that the application can understand (leaving out the human-readable components) This core functionality is at the heart of the long-term use and application of HAO URIs within publications, websites, applications and analyses. Definition source: A citation from which the concept/definition was derived; within the HAO
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